Explores the Bayes' theorem, which calculates the posterior probability of a hypothesis given evidence. Discusses how the generalized Bayesian model simplifies calculations under the Naive Bayes assumption of independent effects.

Reviews key concepts in probability, including random variables (discrete and continuous), probability distributions (PMF and PDF), expectation and variance, joint distributions, conditional expectation, and complex queries involving random variables.

The ESP32 microcontroller has an internal Real-Time Clock (RTC) with limitations in maintaining time during power loss. To overcome this, an external RTC module, such as DS1307, DS3231, or PCF8563, can be integrated with the ESP32. This requires wiring the module to the ESP32, using I2C or other interfaces, and optionally connecting a backup battery. Example code is provided for setting up the external RTC and synchronizing with NTP servers for accurate timekeeping in IoT applications.